Journal of ALBAHITH ALALAMI (ABAA) is a pioneering scientific, peer review, and refereed scholarly journal that provides an open forum for researchers, academics, and service providers in the fields of media, communication science, and journalism studies. It focuses on the role of new media, communication technologies, and the effect of representing information in various formats according to quality of service and experience. ABAA journal issued by the College of Mass Communication/ University of Baghdad. The first issue was published in 2005. ABAA is a quarterly published journal (March, June, September, and December of the year), and it follows rigorous scientific arbitration procedures. Moreover, all of its content is openly accessible and free of charge. For more information, please don’t hesitate to contact US
College of Mass Communication, University of Baghdad
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Objectives: This study aims to analyze minority media as a discourse reflecting cultural and identity diversity in modern societies, by examining its role in shaping or weakening transnational identities. It focuses on the contribution of traditional and digital media to building a cross-border communicative identity among minorities, addressing their representation in the media and the relationship between media and minorities in terms of connection and isolation. The study also traces the shift from local media to transnational digital media and compares minority presence in Western and Arab media, explaining the limited Arab interest in this phenomenon despite its development in Western contexts. Methodology: The researcher adopted an inductive analytical approach to trace the historical development of minority media and analyze its theoretical discourses, alongside a comparative method between European and Arab experiences. Applied models were analyzed, including Moroccan migrant media in France, digital platforms of Arab diasporas, and media of sectarian and linguistic minorities. Results: The results show that minority media has evolved from traditional to digital forms, giving rise to concepts such as the “connected migrant” and the “virtual homeland” Media now plays a dual role between empowering minorities and reinforcing stereotypes. It was also found that 75% of minority media in Europe is digital and is mostly presented in the host country’s language, producing a hybrid local transnational identity. In contrast, Arab interest in this field remains limited due to political considerations, despite the multiplicity of minorities. Conclusion: The study concludes that minority media has become a space for forming identities that transcend the nation-state, combining empowerment and exclusion through granting recognition or reproducing marginalization. It emphasizes the need for media based on diversity and justice, supported by legislation that ensures fair representation of minorities without distortion, and calls for deeper Arab studies to understand communicative transformations in the era of digital globalization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Content Analysis of News Reports on Al Jazeera Website Representing Iraqi Archaeological Heritage Under Threat
Objectives: The study aims to achieve a set of objectives, most notably: identifying the key issues related to Iraqi archaeological heritage under threat covered by the website during the specified period and revealing the narrative frames and symbolic meanings employed in reporting these issues. This is pursued by answering the main research question: What is the content of news reports representing Iraqi archaeological heritage under threat on Al Jazeera website during the 2019–2024 period? Methodology: The researcher adopted the media survey methodology, using content analysis as a tool for a sample comprising reports published on the Al Jazeera website during the period subject of study. Results: The findings revealed that the reports often highlighted significant concern for threatened or looted archaeological sites, such as the Baghdad Museum, the city of Lagash (Telul al-Habaa), and several sites in Mosul and Dhi Qar. The results also showed that the dominant media discourse relied on narrative framing that portrayed heritage as a victim of conflicts and wars, documenting both the human and material losses resulting from the destruction of cultural legacy. Some reports also emphasized the efforts made to recover stolen artifacts, highlighting the role of Iraqi government bodies and several specialists, such as Wafaa Hassan. Conclusion: The study indicates that Al Jazeera’s media coverage focused on portraying Iraqi archaeological heritage as a civilizational component threatened with extinction due to conflicts, while also highlighting both official and individual efforts to protect and restore it. This reflects the role of media in shaping collective awareness of the value of heritage as part of national identity and human memory.
Social Media Platforms and Their Role in Addressing Deviant Behaviors from the Perspective of University Youth
Objectives: This study aims to explore social media platforms and their role in addressing deviant behaviors from the perspective of university youth. Methodology: Classified as descriptive research, the study relied on the survey method. The research population consisted of students of the College of Political Science at the University of Baghdad for the academic year 2024–2025. The sample comprised 10% of the population; 100 students, selected using simple random sampling. Results: The findings showed that the majority of respondents use social media extensively (96%), with a strong preference for video content, especially on Instagram. Influencers and well-known personalities were the most followed. Respondents indicated that awareness-raising content competes with both negative and positive content and is regularly followed by students. The study found that the most common deviant behavior youth seek to limit is cyberbullying in all its forms. Digital awareness campaigns, especially video-based ones, were identified as the most used in raising awareness. Real-life relatable content had the strongest influence on respondents. Moreover, 83% acknowledged the importance of digital awareness campaigns. Conclusion: Deviant behaviors can be addressed by focusing on making content purposeful, as awareness content has a significant impact on youth. The research highlights the interaction of youth with social media content that contributes to correcting certain behaviors. It indicates that if used purposefully, social media can be an effective guiding and awareness tool for reinforcing moral values and reducing behavioral risks such as addiction, aggression, and extremism.
The Reality of Media Training Programs for Palestinian Female Journalists in Light of Digital Media
Objectives: This study aims to reveal the reality of media training for Palestinian female journalists in the Gaza governorates in light of developments in digital media, to identify the nature of professional training that meets their needs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programs provided to them from their own perspective. Methodology: The study relied on the descriptive method, using a survey approach. A questionnaire was applied to a random sample of (80) Palestinian female journalists working in media institutions in the Gaza governorates. Results: The results showed that the most prominent obstacles facing media training were reliance on traditional methods (72.5%), similarity of training topics (63%), and weak funding (52.5%). Additionally, (45%) of respondents indicated the scarcity of specialized training departments within media institutions, (35%) stated that training lacks integration between theory and practice, and (33.75%) pointed to the failure to keep up with technological developments as one of the most significant challenges limiting the success of media training. Conclusion: The study reveals a clear gap between the requirements of professional development for Palestinian female journalists and the reality of the training programs provided to them. This calls for updating methods, diversifying topics, and strengthening the practical and technological aspects of media training to ensure its effectiveness and responsiveness to field needs.
Cultural Dimensions in Television Advertising
Objectives: This research aimed to highlight the semiotic approach in analyzing television advertising, to uncover the hidden and indirect meanings behind the apparent message of the advertisement "Zain Ya Baghdad" through semiotic analysis. It also incorporated cultural analysis using Hofstede's cultural dimensions, to reveal the relationship between text and image and understand the factors influencing the semiotics of the image, given that it contains signs, symbols, rules, and meanings rooted in the prevailing social and intellectual conditions of society. Methodology: The research stages were conducted by deconstructing the advertisement scenes into individual shots and analyzing them, then reconstructing them to uncover hidden aspects, based on the semiotic analysis approach. Results: The results showed the dominance of the cultural dimension in the content of the advertisement, which was not merely a direct commercial promotion but was laden with cultural and heritage meanings. Elements of Iraqi identity such as music, locations, characters, language, and clothing were employed to deliver an emotional message about Baghdad. Visual and iconic symbols served the cultural meaning by incorporating traditional professions like coppersmithing and calligraphy, and famous locations such as Al-Mutanabbi Street and traditional cafés, enabling the advertisement to present Baghdad as a unifying cultural and emotional symbol. Additionally, the analysis revealed inconsistencies with some of Hofstede's indicators for Iraq, showing clear discrepancies between the global Hofstede classification and the culture reflected in the advertisement. Conclusions: Television advertising is no longer merely a promotional tool but has become a medium for constructing cultural symbols and reinforcing collective identity. The study reveals that cultural values in Iraqi society, as represented in the advertisement, partially differ from Hofstede's indicators, reflecting unique local cultural characteristics.
Borrowing Media Discourse in Selected Models of the Arabic Novel
Objectives: Objectives: This study aims to uncover the ways in which the journalistic referent is invoked and transformed within contemporary Arabic narrative discourse. It does so through an analysis of selected novels: Love in Exile by Bahaa Taher, That Smell by Sonallah Ibrahim, Beirut Nightmares by Ghada Al-Samman, and Al-Wali al-Tahir Raises His Hands in Prayer by Tahar Wattar. The research seeks to clarify how journalistic discourse intersects with narrative storytelling, and the aesthetic and semantic possibilities this intersection opens up in renewing narrative writing. Methodology: The study adopts a constructive–analytical approach in reading this narrative corpus, as a method capable of tracing discursive construction mechanisms and analyzing forms of interaction between textual genres. The research is divided into two main sections. The first, entitled “Journalistic Discourse in the Novel: Patterns of Borrowing,” is devoted to examining the partial and total manifestations of journalistic discourse within narrative discourse. The second section, entitled “Journalistic Discourse in the Novel: Genres and Forms of Transformation,” addresses the patterns through which journalistic forms are transformed within narrative structures. Results: The study reaches a set of findings at both the formal and thematic levels. Formally, it demonstrates that the transformation of the journalistic referent occurs through three main techniques: the news item accompanied by narrative commentary, the collage technique, and the live-reporting technique. Thematically, a reversal of discursive roles and functions is observed: narrative discourse, as a fictional mode, comes to bear something akin to “truth-telling,” while journalistic discourse, traditionally governed by the principle that “news is sacred and comment is free”, appears as misleading or deceptive. Conclusion: The study concludes that transforming the journalistic referent has played an effective role in opening new horizons for novelists to renew narrative writing, through pathways that range between traditional journalism and modern media. These pathways are embodied in the use of simple journalistic forms, such as various types of news and commentary, as well as more complex forms, foremost among them live reporting. This, in turn, enhances genre hybridity and enriches the contemporary Arabic narrative experience.
The Use of Soft Power in Russian Propaganda
Objectives: The research aims to uncover the rhetorical mechanisms employed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in utilizing soft power tools within his propaganda discourse. It seeks to identify the key soft power instruments emphasized in Russian rhetoric during the Ukraine crisis and analyze the propaganda techniques based on soft power utilization within the context of official Russian political discourse. Methodology: This research falls under qualitative analytical studies, where the researcher employed Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), based on Norman Fairclough's three-stage model: text analysis, discourse analysis, and social context analysis. A purposive sample of two official speeches by President Putin was selected: the first is an article published on July 12, 2021, titled "The Historical Unity Between Russians and Ukrainians," and the second is a televised speech delivered on February 24, 2022, coinciding with the start of the Russia-Ukraine war. Results: The Russian discourse utilized soft power through psychological and emotional influence, linking the present to nationalist historical narratives. Putin relied on symbolic slogans such as "Russian Unity" and "Multinational Russia" to reinforce his political stance, justifying the war on Ukraine as a "legitimate" action to protect Russia's historical unity and culture. The independence of Ukraine was depicted as the result of a foreign conspiracy. The discourse demonstrated the integration of various soft power tools: historical symbolism, cultural influence, diplomacy, economic elements (e.g., gas resources), and military doctrine. Linguistic techniques included threats, intimidation, historical metaphors, religious symbols, euphemism, repetition, and rhetorical questions. Putin successfully rebranded Russia as a "great power," delegitimized the West and Ukraine, and positioned Russia as the protector of shared values and history. Conclusion: Russian propaganda reflects an advanced use of soft power, integrating symbolic dimensions with modern communication strategies to reshape domestic and international public opinion. The research shows that Putin employed narrative and historical mechanisms to persuade the Russian public and justify Russia's stance internationally, highlighting the effectiveness of soft power as a propaganda tool in contemporary international relations.
The Performance of Hussaini Media and Development Opportunities from the Perspective of Academic and Religious Elites
Objectives: This research aimed to evaluate the performance of Hussaini media from the perspective of academic and religious elites, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and explore the most prominent opportunities for its development. Additionally, it sought to present practical proposals to advance this specialized media sector, which focuses on covering and transmitting issues and rituals associated with the revolution of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him). Methodology: The researcher adopted a descriptive (survey) methodology, using an electronic questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of 300 participants from academic and religious elites in Iraq and other Arab countries. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results: The findings revealed broad rejection among elites of covering practices that distort the image of Hussaini rituals, such as self-flagellation with swords (Tatbir) and walking on fire. The research also identified key challenges in the performance of Hussaini media, the most significant being the lack of specialization and skills among some workers and the dominance of emotional rhetoric in media messages. The results indicated that development opportunities lie in effective planning, capacity building, and presenting the Hussaini discourse using modern artistic methods. The researcher concluded that while Hussaini media has played a partial role in conveying the values of the Hussaini revolution, its advancement requires a comprehensive professional and methodological review that aligns with contemporary changes and the needs of the target audience. Conclusion: Hussaini media represents an effective tool for promoting the values of the Hussaini revolution; however, it faces professional and content-related challenges that necessitate a comprehensive review, including capacity building, strategic planning, and ensuring both professional and religious discipline in its workers’ performance.
Communication Methods of Drug Dealers and Their Impact on Youth in Baghdad
Objectives: This study aims to identify the communication methods used by drug dealers in Baghdad, understand the reasons and factors leading to drug abuse among youth, analyze the language and persuasive techniques used to entice young people into drug use, and highlight the psychological, social, and economic impacts resulting from these methods. Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative exploratory approach, using in-depth interviews as the primary data collection tool. The purposive sample consisted of 15 participants, including drug dealers, drug users, as well as specialists such as anti-narcotics officers, psychiatrists, and journalists. The interviews were analyzed to monitor communication methods and interpret their impacts. Results: The findings revealed that traditional social relationships remain the most prominent channel for drug promotion. Emotional and psychological vulnerability is among the key factors exploited to attract users. The study also found that the transition from drug user to dealer represents a critical stage influenced by these communication tactics. The research concluded that comprehensive preventive approaches are necessary, focusing on community education, enhancing family supervision, and reinforcing security measures. Conclusion: The study uncovered complex communication dynamics used to lure youth into drug use, primarily based on exploiting trust and social ties. Despite the widespread use of technology, traditional methods remain the most effective in the Iraqi context. This requires a multidimensional national preventive strategy that combines family awareness, security enforcement, and psychological and social support for young people.
Sports Songs of Arab Ultras Groups as a Space for Political Expression
Objectives: This study sought to identify the contents of the sports songs of Arab Ultras groups, focusing on their political character and role in social and political expression. Methodology: The study analyzed eight politically themed sports songs of Ultras groups in Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia using content analysis to extract categories directly from the songs’ content. Results: The findings showed that the dominant element in political sports songs of Ultras is resistance, as they serve as a means of challenging and confronting ruling political regimes, reflecting rejection of the lived reality. Conclusion: The study confirmed that the Ultras social movement has succeeded in using sports songs as a public oppositional space for political expression, reflecting the role of sports culture in stimulating political and social activism among youth.
Journalistic Narrative of Human-Interest Stories Using 360° Video Technology on the Al Jazeera Contrasts Platform
This study investigates the journalistic narrative techniques employed in human interest stories through the use of virtual reality—or immersive—technologies. These innovations have revealed new narrative patterns that align with the unique nature of the story and the characteristics of digital publication platforms. The research aims to identify the mechanisms and principles underpinning journalistic narrative as well as the properties of narrative structure, and to delineate the constituent elements of narrative in this genre of news stories. The study’s sample consists of the human-interest news story “Manal al-Amal,” which utilizes 360° video technology on the digital platform Al Jazeera Contrasts. This story recounts the hardships endured by Yemeni children and mothers as a consequence of the war’s aftermath-marked by disease, hunger, and destruction. The study is grounded in narrative theory, which is part of structural theories, and employs the methodology of narrative analysis. The researcher adopted the quadripartite narrative classification proposed by Catherine Rissman. The findings reveal that the reliance on journalistic narrative in such human-interest stories differs from conventional news texts in terms of the narrator, the narrative sequence, and narrative dramatization—a contrast to media framing—thereby fulfilling ideological communicative functions that help shape the ideas and opinions of the audience.
News Coverage of Gaza Events on the BBC Arabic Website
This study aims to answer the main question: What is the nature of the news coverage provided by the BBC Arabic website for Gaza events? It seeks to achieve several objectives, most notably: identifying the key themes in the news coverage, uncovering the methods used to report on Gaza events on the BBC Arabic site, and pinpointing the primary sources utilized in this coverage. Classified as descriptive research, this study employs a survey method and utilizes a content analysis tool to meet its objectives. The research yielded several findings, including the following: the military frame ranked first with a frequency of 678 occurrences and a percentage of (34.53%), while the humanitarian frame ranked second with 639 occurrences (32.55%). Regarding the style of reporting, “simple news coverage” attained the highest position with 116 occurrences (45.84%), whereas “narrative-driven news coverage” ranked second with 79 occurrences (31.22%). Concerning the sources of information, the “correspondent” category ranked first with 126 occurrences (49.80%), followed by “news agencies” with 51 occurrences (20.15%).
Journalistic Frames in the Coverage of the “Theft of the Century” Case on News Websites
This study examines the journalistic frames employed by Iraqi news websites—specifically, the Iraqi News Agency (INA), Al-Forat News, and Baghdad Today—in covering the misappropriation of tax deposits, commonly known as the “Theft of the Century,” one of the most prominent cases of financial corruption in Iraq’s history. The research aims to identify the journalistic frameworks and methods used in addressing this case while shedding light on the different types of journalistic coverage these websites have provided. The study adopts a descriptive approach by employing the survey method along with a content analysis tool. It encompasses all publications related to the case during the period from October 15 to November 15, 2022, amounting to a total of 164 analyzed items. The results reveal that the studied websites focused on a framework of journalistic responsibility in response to the prevailing public demand for uncovering those responsible and holding them accountable. In doing so, the websites primarily relied on presenting facts by displaying official data, evidence, and documents, as well as by interpreting and justifying the positions of the accused parties in their defence. The study further concludes that the nature of the case—characterized by rapid developments and unexpected twists—necessitated the use of news as the primary journalistic genre for covering events, as it was considered the most suitable means for conveying details and staying abreast of emerging developments compared to other journalistic forms.
The Mental Image of the Private Banking Sector Among Customers
This study aims to explore the mental image of Al-Taif Islamic Bank among customers in Baghdad, investigating whether this image is positive or negative. The image significantly influences the audience's motivation for effective engagement with the bank. The researcher employed a survey methodology by designing a measurement tool and distributing it to a purposive sample of 400 respondents representing various districts of Baghdad who are customers of Al-Taif Islamic Bank. The study revealed several key findings: The overall image held by customers is well-defined and overwhelmingly positive. Customers choose the bank mainly for its attractive returns, widespread availability, and excellent reputation. The bank maintains strict confidentiality and privacy for its clients, fostering loyalty and trust. Its programs and services are risk-free, and its employees possess high competency and persuasive negotiation skills. The bank actively conducts media campaigns to promote its programs and services and ensures clients are kept informed about its financial activities and offerings. Information dissemination is handled by the bank's Risk Management Department, social media channels, and customers' personal experiences, which serve as a significant source of information about the bank.
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The Importance of Management in Journalistic Institutions
The administrative body is considered the backbone of all journalistic institutions, serving as the primary guarantee for their success and the continuity of their administrative, journalistic, and technical operations. This ensures the sustainability of their journalistic activities and their ability to attract readers. This study focuses on examining the role of management in the success of operations within journalistic institutions by analyzing the significance of newspaper management, as well as the methods, techniques, and mechanisms employed in managing journalistic, administrative, and technical work. Additionally, it explores the adopted management theories, the advancements in management science, and the extent to which journalistic institution administrations keep pace with these developments and apply them in the field of journalism. The concept of managing media institutions is a multidisciplinary research field that examines how media institutions utilize resources to meet the needs and desires of society. This concept emphasizes the effective management of media outlets. The study reached several conclusions, most notably: management serves as the cornerstone upon which journalistic institutions rely. Administrative personnel must stay abreast of technological advancements and leverage these technologies in various forms for administrative tasks, as they provide speed, precision, and efficiency in completing communication processes. Moreover, the study recommends that journalistic institutions develop improvement plans that include programs to enhance employees' skills in alignment with ongoing professional developments in journalism.
Compatibility and Difference in News Coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict
This study compares the news coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the Russian channel "Russia Today" and the American channel "Al-Hurra," highlighting the impact of political and ideological orientations on event reporting. The relationships and interests linking Russia and the United States to the conflict played a significant role in shaping the media coverage, resulting in differences in how news was presented and the terms used, reflecting divergent perspectives. The study employed content analysis of the main news bulletins over one month, starting from the onset of the Russian military operations in Ukraine, focusing on areas of agreement and disagreement between the two channels. The findings reveal: Russia Today used terms like "special operations" and "operations in Donbas," whereas Al-Hurra described these actions as illegitimate and referred to pro-Russian forces in Donbas as "separatists". Russia Today heavily emphasized justifying the war based on statements from Russian politicians, while Al-Hurra approached these justifications cautiously, casting doubt on their validity. This analysis illustrates how media coverage differs according to the political and ideological frameworks of each channel.
Al-Sabah Newspaper’s Coverage of Saudi-Iranian Relations
This research aims to identify the media treatment methods employed by the semi-governmental Iraqi newspaper, Al-Sabah, regarding the Saudi-Iranian relations file, as it helps to understand the official Iraqi stance on this issue and its orientations towards it. The research relied on content analysis by analyzing 15 issues of Al-Sabah newspaper using a content analysis form. The form was constructed based on the method of "What was said?" and "How was it said?" through analysis categories that describe the shape and content of the news and the trends it aims to generate among the receiving audience. The research concluded that the media treatments conducted by Al-Sabah newspaper regarding the Saudi-Iranian relations file depended on presenting news related to this file in the form of an article supported by an illustrative image. It also relied on presenting news with emotional appeals, in addition to a consensual approach that seeks to bring the viewpoints of the two countries closer.
Motivations Behind Sports Audiences' Use of Sports News Websites on Social Media
This research gains its significance from the importance of understanding the motivations behind sports audiences' use of sports news websites through social media and the gratifications they derive from this usage. The researcher employed a survey method, designing a questionnaire as a tool to uncover the motivations and achieved gratifications, aiming to meet the objectives and answer the research problem's questions. The primary goal is to identify the motivations driving sports audiences to use sports news websites via social media and to determine the gratifications they achieve from this usage. The research population was limited to users of sports news websites on social media at the College of Media, University of Baghdad, within the three departments: Radio and Television, Public Relations, and Journalism. The researcher used a purposive sampling method. The research findings highlighted several key points, including the primary motivations for sports audiences' use of sports news websites, such as the sports analyses provided by specialists on these platforms, which contribute to increasing knowledge about sports events and issues. Additionally, these platforms introduce prominent sports stars, with both receiving an agreement rate of 65% and a frequency of 96 for each. As for the gratifications achieved by the sports audience from using sports news websites, the research found that the audience gained significant knowledge about clubs and national teams participating in championships and sporting events, with an agreement rate of 70% and a frequency of 103 from the research sample. Moreover, the websites contributed to acquiring information and knowledge about sports-related topics, with an agreement rate of 67% and a frequency of 99.
The Relationship Between Political and Security News on Iraqi Satellite Channels and Public Anxiety
This research aims to examine the relationship between political and security news broadcast on Iraqi satellite channels and the resulting feelings of anxiety among the public. The study was conducted on a sample of 426 individuals from the audience in Baghdad, selected using the multi-stage or cluster random sampling method. The research falls within the scope of "causal correlation studies" and utilizes a survey methodology, a questionnaire, and a measurement tool for data collection. The findings reveal that the public experiences a higher level of anxiety compared to the respondents when following political and security news on Iraqi satellite channels. This heightened anxiety is attributed to the chaotic political landscape, recurring disputes among political blocs, and the lack of control over consumer goods prices due to the instability of the dollar exchange rate. Additional contributing factors include the presence of armed manifestations within cities, the prevalence of crime and kidnapping, the widespread trade and abuse of drugs, and the absence of fundamental solutions to alleviate citizens' suffering and provide for their basic needs. Furthermore, ongoing crises, such as strained relationships with neighboring countries, exacerbate feelings of intense anxiety and insecurity among citizens.
Public Relations Management of National Identity in International Exhibitions
The research aims to study how public relations (PR) departments capitalize on international events to manage and market a country's national identity through digital media platforms. The researchers analyzed the official Instagram page for Expo 2020, utilizing a survey method and qualitative content analysis tool. They employed comprehensive enumeration to analyze the posts related to the national symbols of the UAE, amounting to 862 posts. The research concluded with several key findings, the most important of which is that the PR management focused on the national philosophy of the state through the iconic visual logo. They relied on a collection of cultural, political, historical, geographical, and military symbols to manage the national identity. Great care was taken to include a broad range of symbols to provide a comprehensive representation of the country’s rich historical heritage. The study also recommended that the study of national identity should be given more space in academic research to yield precise results that offer a deeper understanding of the role of public relations in marketing national identity. This is because identity is considered the first stage in the process of building a nation's reputation.
Frames of Coverage of the Daniel Hurricane Disaster in Derna, Libya by the Website of Al-Sharq Al-Awsat International Newspaper
The research problem is centered around the main question: What are the coverage frames used by the website of Al-Sharq Al-Awsat International newspaper for the Daniel Hurricane disaster in Derna, Libya? This study falls within descriptive-analytical research, using content analysis applied to a readily available sample of news articles on the Al-Sharq Al-Awsat website regarding the Daniel Hurricane disaster in Derna, Libya. The period of analysis covered from September 10, 2023, to November 30, 2023, during which 142 news articles were analyzed. The researchers used a content analysis form as the main research tool. The study revealed several findings, including: Derna is the most affected region by the Daniel Hurricane in Libya, according to the Al-Sharq Al-Awsat website, with a coverage rate of 39.4%. Journalists were the most frequently cited sources in the coverage of the disaster, contributing to 40.9% of the content. The Libyan National Army's General Command was the most prominently featured entity among the active forces mentioned in the news articles, appearing in 24.5% of the coverage.
The representation of Arab masculinity in advertising
The aim of this study is to utilize Semiotic analysis to analyze the representation of Gulf men in advertising a Kuwaiti brand. Based on two YouTube commercials as a case study, this article asks, How is Arab masculinity represented in advertising? The findings indicate the existence of masculinity in flux, suggesting a subtle form of socialization and identity negotiation between foreign and local ideas, especially regarding gender relations and the representation of Arab masculinity. The analysis highlights the contrast between traditional and modern forms of masculinity, as represented by local and foreign football teams in the advertisement, suggesting that modern (or Western) forms of masculinity can be used to counteract oppressive local practices. The study argues that masculinity is not a fixed or objective concept and is instead shaped by the social and cultural context in which it exists. Here, the media's representation of masculinity is particularly influential in shaping how young people understand and internalize this idea.
The Role of Public Relations in Building the Institutional Image of Organizations Concerned with Children's Affairs
This research aims to explore the role of public relations in shaping the institutional image of organizations concerned with children's affairs and to identify the indicators of the public's perception of these organizations. The study employs a survey methodology through the preparation of a measurement form, distributed to a sample of the Children's Culture House audience, consisting of 400 respondents. This approach seeks to determine the role of public relations in the Children's Culture House and the prevailing public perception of the institution. The findings indicate that the public holds a positive perception of the Children's Culture House. This perception is attributed to the institution's activities and the work of its public relations team, which strives to offer the best programs and activities to its audience. Additionally, the results confirm that the Children's Culture House is one of the most significant local institutions in Iraq, dedicated to the care of children and the dissemination of cultural values through its initiatives.
Organizations Concerned with Children's Affairs
Iraqi Journalists' representations of their professional identity
The research aims to explore the nature of representations of Iraqi journalists' professional identity. It is classified as descriptive research and utilizes the descriptive analytical survey method. A purposive sample of (80) Iraqi journalists was employed, and a questionnaire tool was utilized. Several conclusions were reached, including: Iraqi journalists perform functional roles consistent with the functions of journalism, most notably: providing the public with information, monitoring governmental performance, conveying public opinion to decision-makers, and raising awareness of civil activism effectively. Influences originating within the journalism profession dominate the performance of Iraqi journalists in their professional work more than those exerted from outside. The key elements shaping Iraqi journalists' representations of their professional identity focus on informing the public about hidden issues and providing assistance to them. There were no statistically significant differences in the demographic variables of Iraqi journalists and their representations of their professional identity. There exists a positive correlation between the nature of the functional roles performed by Iraqi journalists and the elements shaping their representations of their professional identity, as well as a positive correlation between the nature of these roles and Iraqi journalists' representations of their professional identity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Azhar Sabeeh Ghaintab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Levels of Iraqi Public Interest in the Content of Websites Covering the Formation of the Iraqi Government
Objectives: This study aims to uncover how electronic news websites cover news related to the Iraqi government formation crisis, to analyze the identity of such news, and to identify the level of Iraqi public interest in following developments of government formation, while highlighting the most important topics of concern to the public. Methodology: The study relied on the descriptive-analytical method, focusing on monitoring news related to the government formation issue on electronic news websites, alongside following public trends and interaction levels. Both quantitative and qualitative measurement tools were used to obtain precise indicators related to public priorities. Results: The study found that reading headlines and reports on the government formation issue ranked first (25.22%). Following the latest developments of the formation process was also a top interest for followers (19.97%). Additionally, the audience’s evaluation of the credibility of this news coverage fell into the category of “provides facts and information to some extent,” at a rate of (27.52%). Conclusion: The findings reveal a clear interest among the Iraqi public in following the developments of the government formation process via electronic news websites, whether by reading headlines or tracking details step by step. This reflects the importance of the issue as one of the most prominent political concerns engaging Iraqi public opinion.
The Kurdish Satellite Channels' Coverage of Federal Government News
The research aims to examine how the two Kurdish-speaking satellite channels report on the federal government news and to identify the frameworks used by Rudaw and NRT news channels in their news bulletins. It also seeks to explore the type of content and the format of news coverage related to the federal government. The study employed partial content analysis, covering a period of three months to monitor federal government news broadcast before, during, and after the federal parliamentary elections on Rudaw and NRT. The research utilized a survey method, incorporating various techniques for data collection and analysis, including observation, interviews, and content analysis forms. The most significant findings of the research include: Kurdish satellite channels' interest in federal government news increases during crises or when specific gains are anticipated. The political news takes precedence in the treatment of federal government news in Kurdish satellite news bulletins. The two Kurdish-speaking channels differed in their approach to news reporting, with both focusing on "reports" as the main element in news bulletins. The two Kurdish satellite channels emphasize the technical format of news presentation, particularly the use of field reports and in-depth internal reports to convey information to viewers in a distinct manner compared to other technical formats.
News Processing of Corruption Issues in Iraq Satellite Channels
The core idea of this study revolves around the news coverage by Iraqi satellite channels regarding corruption issues and their implications on the public's perception of the political process. The researcher designed a content analysis form encompassing both primary and sub-categories of news bulletins from the channels, Dijlah and Al-Itijah, spanning from 01/06/2021 to 31/08/2021, using a comprehensive enumeration method. The chosen timeframe preceded the parliamentary elections held in October 2021. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach coupled with observation, the researcher derived results that met the study's objectives. Among these findings, news items enhanced with video content topped the categories concerning visual news treatment and reporting. Moreover, news items supplemented with artistic reports ranked highest in the news presentation techniques adopted by the researched channels regarding corruption topics. Political corruption topics led the thematic focus, while administrative and financial corruption ranked second among all themes covered by the channels in their news bulletins. Additionally, the reasons framework stood out as the primary category among all frames discussed by the researched channels.
Copyright (c) 2023 ALBAHITH ALALAMI http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Public Relations Strategies in Managing the Crisis of Iraqi Refugees in Turkey
The research aims to identify and diagnose the public relations strategies in its digital online communications by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in managing the crisis of Iraqi refugees in Turkey. A content analysis form was designed for the digital content of the UNHCR's website dedicated to topics and issues concerning Iraqi refugees that were covered by the site, adopting a comprehensive enumeration approach. The study covered the period from 01/03/2022, to 30/06/2022. The research yielded several key findings, including the predominant use of media, advertising, and education strategies in managing the crisis of Iraqi refugees in Turkey. News and reports ranked first among the media arts used in public relations. There is evident cooperation between the public relations departments of the UNHCR and the Iraqi embassy in Turkey in managing political crises.
Effect of Political Factors on the Performance of Specialized Journalists in Iraqi Electronic Journalism
This study aimed to identify the political factors influencing the performance of specialized journalists in Iraqi electronic newspapers. The significance of the study stems from the role of communication in newspapers that have established themselves in reality due to their wide dissemination, multiple uses, expanding freedom base, and the current diversity in perspectives. These newspapers highlight and publish societal issues of concern. The importance of these newspapers is associated with their creators who face various factors affecting their value and performance, whether positively or negatively. In light of this, the political factor was identified as the primary driver for other influencing factors. The researcher employed a survey method to address the study's questions and objectives, targeting specialized journalists working in Iraqi electronic newspapers, amounting to 128 individuals from 27/9/2022 to 27/10/2023. The study took into account personal variables of the participants such as gender, age, and educational attainment. Several findings emerged from the study, including that 75% of males versus 25% of females work as specialized journalists. Moreover, personal inclination was found to be the strongest motivator for journalists, and there are notable impacts of political factors on the communicative competence of the specialized journalist.
Digital Interactive Elements in The Twitter Platform
The primary issue addressed in this research revolves around identifying the interactive elements provided by the Twitter platform and understanding their utilization by digital newspapers with official accounts. These newspapers broadcast content in line with their policies. This study is classified within descriptive research that employed a survey method and content analysis tool. The methodology relies on the "how was it said?" approach to categorize the analysis. The research yielded the following results: Twitter utilized numerous interactive elements for disseminating tweets, which include "text, branching links, hashtags, digital images, digital videos, digital audio, and digital polls." However, these elements were not adopted by the digital newspapers, as they did not utilize digital audio and polls at all.